Heart failure (HF) affects more than six million individuals in the US and nearly 100 million worldwide, causing poor quality of life, recurrent hospitalizations, and a high risk of death (1). HF is a progressive cardiac syndrome, and it impairs ventricles’ ability to fill with or eject blood. The most common and serious form is HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), where contractility is reduced, leading to impaired delivery of blood and oxygen to organs and tissues.

HF prevalence overall increases as individuals age, occurring in over 10-20% of those over 80 years (2). This may be attributed in part to increased survival in older patients after CV events like myocardial infarction.

HF is a leading cause of hospitalization, with over 50% of patients re-hospitalized within 6 months of discharge (3). Quality of life is significantly reduced, with advanced HF patients often requiring cardiac devices and/or surgical interventions. While mortality in HF is estimated at 60% within 5 years (4), those with HFrEF experience even worse prognosis, with mortality increasing with lower ejection fraction.